Review sources

# LeanBiome Scientific References & Clinical Studies

## Complete Bibliography with Direct Links

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## **Primary Clinical Studies on LeanBiome Ingredients**

### **1. Lactobacillus Gasseri - Belly Fat Reduction Study**

**Citation:**

Kadooka Y, Sato M, Ogawa A, Miyoshi M, Uenishi H, Ogawa H, Ikuyama K, Kagoshima M, Tsuchida T. "Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in a randomised controlled trial." *British Journal of Nutrition*. 2013 Nov 14;110(9):1696-703.

**Key Findings:**

- 8.5% reduction in belly fat over 12 weeks

- Significant decrease in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and visceral fat

- 210 overweight participants in double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24299712/

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### **2. Lactobacillus Rhamnosus - Women's Weight Loss Study**

**Citation:**

Sanchez M, Darimont C, Drapeau V, Emady-Azar S, Lepage M, Rezzonico E, Ngom-Bru C, Berger B, Philippe L, Ammon-Zuffrey C, Leone P, Chevrier G, St-Amand E, Labonte M, Marleau S, Dore J, Tremblay A. "Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women." *British Journal of Nutrition*. 2014 Apr 28;111(8):1507-19.

**Key Findings:**

- Women lost 9.7 pounds on average

- Twice as much weight loss compared to placebo group

- 12-week randomized controlled trial at University of Laval, Canada

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24299712/

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### **3. Lactobacillus Fermentum - Body Fat Reduction Study**

**Citation:**

Omar JM, Chan YM, Jones ML, Prakash S, Jones PJ. "Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus amylovorus as probiotics alter body adiposity and gut microflora in healthy persons." *Journal of Functional Foods*. 2013 Jan;5(1):116-123.

**Key Findings:**

- 3% drop in body fat in just 43 days

- Triple the fat loss compared to placebo group

- Conducted at University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

**Direct Link:**

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464612001053

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### **4. Greenselect Phytosome® - Green Tea Extract Clinical Trial**

**Citation:**

Di Pierro F, Menghi AB, Barreca A, Lucarelli M, Calandrelli A. "Greenselect Phytosome as an adjunct to a low-calorie diet for treatment of obesity: a clinical trial." *Alternative Medicine Review*. 2009 Jun;14(2):154-60.

**Key Findings:**

- Average weight loss of 30 pounds in 90 days

- Nearly 3 times more weight loss than diet-only group

- 100 participants, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

- 300mg daily dose (exact amount in LeanBiome)

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19594224/

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## **Foundational Microbiome Research**

### **5. Twin Study - Gut Bacteria and Weight Gain**

**Citation:**

Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL, Griffin NW, Lombard V, Henrissat B, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Ilkayeva O, Semenkovich CF, Funai K, Hayashi DK, Lyle BJ, Martini MC, Ursell LK, Clemente JC, Van Treuren W, Walters WA, Knight R, Newgard CB, Heath AC, Gordon JI. "Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice." *Science*. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1241214.

**Key Findings:**

- Lean twins had diverse gut microbiome ("rainforest-like")

- Overweight twins had depleted, swamp-like microbiome dominated by fat bacteria

- Dr. Jeffrey Gordon, Washington University School of Medicine

- Called "clearest evidence that gut bacteria can cause weight gain" by Stanford researchers

**Direct Link:**

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1241214

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### **6. King's College London - Large Twin Study on Visceral Fat**

**Citation:**

Beaumont M, Goodrich JK, Jackson MA, Yet I, Davenport ER, Vieira-Silva S, Debelius J, Pallister T, Mangino M, Raes J, Knight R, Clark AG, Ley RE, Spector TD, Bell JT. "Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat." *Genome Biology*. 2016 Sep 26;17(1):189.

**Key Findings:**

- Study of 3,600 twins confirming microbiome-weight connection

- Overweight individuals had higher visceral fat and swamp-like gut

- Confirms Dr. Gordon's findings at larger scale

**Direct Link:**

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-1052-7

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### **7. Fecal Microbiota Transplant Case Study (Rhode Island)**

**Citation:**

Alang N, Kelly CR. "Weight Gain After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation." *Open Forum Infectious Diseases*. 2015 Winter;2(1):ofv004.

**Key Findings:**

- Previously lean woman (136 lbs, BMI 26) became obese after receiving transplant from obese daughter

- Gained 34 pounds in 12 months, BMI increased to 33

- Unable to lose weight despite strict diet and exercise

- Demonstrates direct causal link between gut bacteria and weight

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26034755/

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## **Mechanistic Studies - How Gut Bacteria Influence Weight**

### **8. Gut Bacteria and Appetite Control**

**Citation:**

Norris V, Molina F, Gewirtz AT. "Hypothesis: bacteria control host appetites." *Journal of Bacteriology*. 2013 Feb;195(3):411-6.

**Key Findings:**

- Fat bacteria hijack satiety hormone leptin

- Bacteria manipulate cravings through vagus nerve

- Explains uncontrollable hunger and food preferences

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23161027/

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### **9. Gut-Brain Connection and Overeating**

**Citation:**

Breton J, Tennoune N, Lucas N, Francois M, Legrand R, Jacquot J, Goichon A, Guérin C, Peltier J, Pestel-Caron M, Chan P, Vaudry D, do Rego JC, Liénard F, Pénicaud L, Fioramonti X, Ebenezer IS, Hökfelt T, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. "Gut Commensal E. coli Proteins Activate Host Satiety Pathways following Nutrient-Induced Bacterial Growth." *Cell Metabolism*. 2016 Feb 9;23(2):324-34.

**Key Findings:**

- Gut bacteria directly influence brain appetite centers

- Bacterial metabolites trigger satiety signals

- Explains "mind control" effect of microbiome on food choices

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26621106/

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### **10. Microbiome Manipulation of Eating Behavior**

**Citation:**

Alcock J, Maley CC, Aktipis CA. "Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms." *BioEssays*. 2014 Oct;36(10):940-9.

**Key Findings:**

- Bacteria alter taste preferences to favor their own survival

- Gut microbes send signals via vagus nerve to manipulate cravings

- Evolutionary explanation for food addiction

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25103109/

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### **11. Inflammation and Fat Storage**

**Citation:**

Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Tuohy KM, Chabo C, Waget A, Delmée E, Cousin B, Sulpice T, Chamontin B, Ferrières J, Tanti JF, Gibson GR, Casteilla L, Delzenne NM, Alessi MC, Burcelin R. "Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance." *Diabetes*. 2007 Jul;56(7):1761-72.

**Key Findings:**

- Fat bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS) causing inflammation

- Inflammation triggers fat storage mode

- Explains why inflamed gut leads to weight gain

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17456850/

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### **12. Thyroid Function and Gut Microbiome**

**Citation:**

Martin AM, Sun EW, Rogers GB, Keating DJ. "The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Host Metabolism Through the Regulation of Gut Hormone Release." *Frontiers in Physiology*. 2019 Apr 16;10:428.

**Key Findings:**

- Gut bacteria regulate metabolic hormones

- Microbiome influences thyroid function and metabolism

- Explains metabolic slowdown with dysbiosis

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31057420/

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## **Green Tea and Microbiome Studies**

### **13. Green Tea Modifies Gut Microbiome**

**Citation:**

Zhu J, Cai R, Tan Y, Wu X, Wen Q, Liu Z, Ouyang SH, Yin Z, Yang H. "Preventive consumption of green tea modifies the gut microbiota and provides persistent protection from high-fat diet-induced obesity." *Journal of Functional Foods*. 2020;64:103640.

**Key Findings:**

- Green tea rebalances gut microbiome

- Protects against diet-induced obesity

- Supports "draining the swamp" concept

**Direct Link:**

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464619306103

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### **14. Tea Compounds and Gut Health**

**Citation:**

Bond T, Derbyshire E. "Tea Compounds and the Gut Microbiome: Findings from Trials and Mechanistic Studies." *Nutrients*. 2019 Oct 3;11(10):2364.

**Key Findings:**

- Tea polyphenols promote beneficial gut bacteria

- Reduces inflammation and supports weight management

- Review of multiple clinical trials

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623101/

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## **Fiber and Prebiotic Research**

### **15. Fiber Intake and Weight Loss**

**Citation:**

Kelly RK, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Karlsen MC, Brandt A, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Palmer K. "Increased Dietary Fiber is Associated with Weight Loss Among Full Plate Living Program Participants." *Frontiers in Nutrition*. 2023 Mar 23;10:1110748.

**Key Findings:**

- Increasing daily fiber intake promoted significant weight loss

- 16-week study of participants in fiber-focused program

- Fiber feeds beneficial gut bacteria

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37035498/

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## **Additional Supporting Research**

### **16. Polyphenols and Obesity Prevention**

**Citation:**

Meydani M, Hasan ST. "Dietary Polyphenols and Obesity." *Nutrients*. 2010 Jul;2(7):737-51.

**Key Findings:**

- Polyphenols (like those in green tea) prevent obesity

- Reduce oxidative stress and inflammation

- Support metabolic health

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22254051/

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### **17. Microbiome Richness and Metabolic Markers**

**Citation:**

Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, et al. "Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers." *Nature*. 2013 Aug 29;500(7464):541-6.

**Key Findings:**

- Gut microbial diversity directly correlates with metabolic health

- Low diversity associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome

- Large-scale microbiome analysis

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23985875/

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### **18. Probiotics and Obesity Treatment**

**Citation:**

Wiciński M, Gębalski J, Gołębiewski J, Malinowski B. "Probiotics for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Humans—A Review of Clinical Trials." *Microorganisms*. 2020 Aug 19;8(8):1148.

**Key Findings:**

- Comprehensive review of probiotic clinical trials for weight loss

- Confirms effectiveness of specific strains

- Supports gut microbiome approach to obesity

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823508/

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### **19. Probiotics, Synbiotics and Weight Loss**

**Citation:**

Nikbakht E, Khalesi S, Singh I, Williams LT, West NP, Colson N. "Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Blood Glucose: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials." *European Journal of Nutrition*. 2018 Feb;57(1):95-106.

**Key Findings:**

- Meta-analysis of controlled trials on probiotics

- Significant effects on weight and metabolic markers

- Supports combination of probiotics with prebiotics (synbiotics)

**Direct Link:**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27995397/

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### **20. DRcaps® Technology Research**

**Citation:**

Manufacturer technical documentation: "DRcaps® delayed-release capsules show disintegration starting at approximately 50 minutes (intestinal delivery) compared to 5 minutes for standard immediate-release capsules (stomach dissolution)."

**Key Findings:**

- Superior probiotic survival through stomach acid

- 90%+ delivery to intestines vs. ~10% with standard capsules

- Patented acid-resistant technology

**Source:**

Capsugel/Lonza Technical Literature on DRcaps®

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## **Medical Commentary Sources**

### **21. Dr. Carolyn Newberry - Probiotics Explanation**

**Source:** Gastroenterologist and physician nutrition specialist quoted in mainstream health media regarding probiotic benefits and gut health support.

**Key Quote:** "Probiotics are active live organisms that can help support a healthy gut microbiome and may confer health benefits. Incorporating more probiotic, fermented foods in the diet can help some people."

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## **How to Cite This Article**

**Suggested Citation Format:**

LeanBiome Review: The Complete Evidence-Based Guide to Lean for Good's Weight Loss Probiotic. [Year]. Based on clinical research from the British Journal of Nutrition, Science, Genome Biology, and 20+ peer-reviewed sources.

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## **Disclaimer**

All studies listed are publicly available through PubMed, official journal websites, or academic databases. LeanBiome (by Lean for Good®) is not endorsed by, sponsored by, or affiliated with any of these research institutions or publications. Studies are cited for educational purposes to explain the scientific basis of the ingredients used in the formula.

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## **Quick Reference Table**

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**Total References:** 20+ peer-reviewed studies and clinical trials

**Last Updated:** January 2025

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